A tool called Memex, developed by the US military’s research and development arm, is a search engine on steroids. PHOTO: DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
In the run-up to Super Bowl XLIX, a team of social workers in Glendale, Arizona spent two weeks combing through local classified ads sites. They were looking for listings posted by sex traffickers.
Criminal networks that exploit women often advertise on local sites around events that draw large numbers of transient visitors. “It’s like a flood,” said Dominique Roe-Sepowitz, who headed the Glendale effort.
Dr Roe-Sepowitz is director of the Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research at Arizona State University. She has worked for five years with authorities in Houston, Las Vegas and Phoenix to find and hunt down traffickers.
More from Elizabeth Dwoskin - The Wall Street Journal
In the past, she painstakingly copied and pasted suspicious URLs into a document and looked for patterns that suggested a trafficking ring. This year, she analysed criminal networks using visual displays from a powerful data-mining tool, one whose capabilities hint at the future of investigations into online criminal networks.
The program, a tool called Memex developed by the US military’s research and development arm, is a search engine on steroids. Rather than endless pages of web links, it returns sophisticated infographics that represent the relationships between web pages, including many that a Google search would miss.
For instance, searching the name and phone number that appear in a suspicious ad would result in a diagram that showed separate constellations of dots, representing links to ads that contain the name, the phone number, or both. Such results could suggest a ring in which the same phone number was associated with different women. Clicking on a dot can reveal the physical location of the device that posted the ad and the time it was posted. Another click, and it shows a map of the locations from which the ads were posted. Capabilities like this make it possible to identify criminal networks and understand their operations in powerful new ways.
No place to hide
Unlike a Google search, Memex can search not only for text but also for images and latitude/longitude coordinates encoded in photos. It can decipher numbers that are part of an image, including handwritten numbers in a photo, a technique traffickers often use to mask their contact information. It also recognises photo backgrounds independently of their subjects, so it can identify pictures of different women that share the same backdrop, such as a hotel room—a tell-tale sign of sex trafficking, experts say.
Also unlike Google, it can look into, and spot relationships among, not only run-of-the-mill web pages but online databases such as those offered by government agencies and within online forums (the so-called deep web) and networks like Tor, whose server addresses are obscured (the so-called dark web).
Since its release a year ago, Memex has had notable successes in sex-trafficking investigations. New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance said Memex has generated leads in 20 investigations and has been used in eight trials prosecuted by the county’s sex-trafficking division. In a case last June, Mr Vance said, Memex’s ability to search the posting times of ads that had been taken down helped in a case that resulted in the sentencing of a trafficker to 50 years to life in prison.
The DARPA connection
The creator of Memex is Christopher White, a Harvard-trained electrical engineer who runs big-data projects for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or Darpa. The Defense Department’s center of forward-looking research and development, Darpa put between $US10 million and $US20 million into building Memex. (The precise amount isn’t disclosed.) Although the tool can be used in any web-based investigation, Dr. White started with the sex trade because the Defense Department believed its proceeds finance other illegal activities.
Memex is part of a wave of software tools that visualize and organize the rising tide of online information. Unlike many other tools, though, it is free of charge for those who want to download, distribute and modify. Dr White said he wanted Memex to be free “because taxpayers are paying for it.” Federal agencies have more money to spend, but local law-enforcement agencies often can’t afford the most sophisticated tools, even as more criminal activity moves online.
Among tools used by law-enforcement agencies, Memex would compete with software from Giant Oak, Decision Lens and Centrifuge Systems. The leader in the field is Palantir Technologies, whose software costs $UAS10 million to $US100 million per installation and draws from the user’s proprietary databases rather than from the Web. Palantir didn’t immediately reply to a request for comment.
Advertisements posted by sex traffickers amount to between $US90,000 and $US500,000 daily in total revenue to a variety of outlets, according to Darpa.
Dr White recently hired several economists to perform a large-scale study of the sex market and its finances, using Memex data along with other industry research.
Mine first, ask privacy questions later?
Memex and similar tools raise serious questions about privacy. Marc Rotenberg, president and executive director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center in Washington, D.C., said, that when law-enforcement authorities start using powerful data-mining software, “the question that moves in the background is how much of this is actually lawful.” Data-visualisation tools like Memex enable enforcers to combine vast amounts of public and private information, but the implications haven’t been fully examined, he said.
Dr White said he drew a “bright line” around online privacy, designing Memex to index only publicly available information. In anonymous networks like Tor, which hosts many sex ads, Memex finds only the public pages. But since the tool isn't technically controlled by Darpa, independent developers could add capabilities that would make it more invasive, he acknowledged.
Another big question is whether sex traffickers and other malefactors will thwart Memex by changing their tactics. For example, they might blur out photo backgrounds if they knew law enforcement officials were searching for them. For this reason, law-enforcement users will withhold some of the proprietary data they developed while using Memex. “We want it to be free,” said Dr White. “But there’s always this tension between knowing what people are doing…and alerting them to that fact so they change their behaviour.”
Dr White is starting to test other uses for Memex with law enforcement and government partners, he said, including recognizing connections between shell companies, following the chains of recruitment for foreign fighters drawn to the terrorist group ISIS, mapping the spread of epidemics, and following ads for labour and goods to understand supply chains involved in money laundering.
By Elizabeth Dwoskin - The Wall Street Journal
